Grade 9 Unit 8

Agriculture
- the production of food or other materials by farming, both by planting crops and keeping animals
- provides food for people and animals as well as raw materials for industries
- Types of crops cultivated and species of animals reared and their products depends on climate, a fertility of soil, a technology used etc. application of the improved irrigation system, seeds, and fertilizers, trained, modern tools etc can help to grow the products
Importance of agriculture
- supports nearly 40% of the national economy.    - provides job opportunity
- source of raw matetial for industry.             - source of food stuff
Problems of Agriculture
- Traditional farming:
- Lack of proper irrigation system:
- Lack of transport and market:
- Unscientific and undemocratic distribution of land:
- Over pressure of manpower:
- Poor economic condition:
- Lack of research activities:
Ways to overcome this problem
- Provide agro-training for farmers
- Run breeding programs
- Provide micro-credits
- Establish more agro-based industries
- Introduce land reform for a democratic distribution and scientific cultivation of land
- Improve irrigation facilities, etc.
Industry
- any business activity that is connected with production, manufacture and construction of goods and services
Types of Industry on the basis of production
i) primary producing raw materials: Agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.
ii) secondary producing goods using the raw materials or product of other secondary industries: House building, car factories, furniture, hydropower generation, etc
iii) tertiary producing services, not goods: tourism, hotels, banks, insurance companies, schools, cinemas, etc.

Infrastructures of Industries: Raw materials, capital, energy, skilled manpower, political stability, market
Industries in Nepal
- began in 1936, in the time of Juddha Shumsher
- The matches first were jute, cotton, sugar, and hydropower
Types of industry on the basis of fixed capital
i) cottage:
- Industries with their fixed capital up to two lakhs
- eg. handloom, warping, semi-power loom, dying and painting, sewing, weaving, carpentry, pottery, bamboo and reed work, paper making, pottery, jewellery, leather work, rural tanning, making goods of cotton, clay, baby, jute, handicraft, doll, batik, making utensils, etc.
Note
1. Industries should not use electricity more than 5 KW.
2. Industries weaving mechanically and producin carpets have to get proper prior permission.
ii) small -scale: the fixed capital up to 50 million rupees, a medium-scaled industry has its fixed capital from 50-150 million rupees
iii) large-scale industries: the capital over 150 million rupees
Importance of Nepalese Industry
- provide employment
- supply consumer goods
- provide things for making Nepal more self-sufficient
- provide jobs for the mass of people both skilled and unskilled
- help in reducing the excessive dependency on agriculture for work
- help in skill development and development of trade and business
-help to reduce the regional disparity of country
Problems
- Poor infrastructures
- Capital Deficiency
- Lack of market
- Lack of protection
- Lack of inspiring policy
Solutions:
- Good provision of raw materials, power, transport etc.
- Simple arrangement of loans and license.
- Production of technically skilled manpower.
- Establishment of the reliable market.
- Establishment of auxiliary industries.
- Modernization of agriculture.
- Provision of good storage facilities.
- Encouraging industrial policies.
- Price control.
- Maintenance of peace and security.
Trade
- The action of buying and selling goods and services
- transfer or exchange of goods for money
Types of Trade
i) Internal Trade
- Traders buy goods in one part of the country and sell in other places inside Nepal.
- eg. Fruits vegetables, animals, wood and some manufactured goods such as Coca-Cola and noodles
ii) External Trade
- buy goods (import) from other countries and sell other goods (export) to other countries
- trade surplus: to sell more than you buy
- trade deficit: buys more than it sells
Importance of international trade
1. If one country concentrates on a certain product, they can develop skills and knowledg and product very high-quality goods.
2. It is sensible to use resources and tools in the place where they are found.
3. Once a trade is established and more than local needs have to be produced, employmen opportunities increase.
4. The currency of the rich nations is reliable, so international trade enables us to earn this foreign currency, by selling our products.
5. Many countries will buy our craft items, and th help to preserve our traditional art and craft skills, encouraging young people to learn the
International trade for Nepal
- Nepal's international trade is in deficit.
- The main exports of our country are ready-made dresses, carpets, agriculture and forest-related goods.
Problems
- Too much import and too little export
- Open border
- Land-locked
- Heavy import of luxury items
- Unaware consumers and irresponsible trader

Solutions measures
- Grow indigenous industries to supply consum goods
- Export more agro-products and forest product
- Strict control over border
- Raise awareness among consumers for their love for national products
- Develop trade relations with more countries other than India
- Limit the import of luxury goods
- Create conducive environment to encourage Nepal investors to invest in industries
- Modernized agriculture
Relation among Agriculture, Industry and Trade
- most of the raw materials are needed for industries are produced from agriculture sectors
- for example, tobacco is required to produce cigarettes,Tea leaves are required for tea, sugarcane is required to produce sugar
- Animal husbandry comes under agriculture.Milk is obtained from cows,buffaloes,Dairy industries need milk to produce cheese,ghee,milk powder etc,
- industries produce different types of seeds,chemical fertilizers,pesticides,insecticides for agriculture
- various tools like spade,dibble,thrasher,hoe etc come to the farmers through trade and the raw materials produced by agricultural sectors also go up to industries through trade
Need and potentiality of agro-based industries in Nepal
- The farmers get the right value of their products from agro-based industries
- supports the improvement of the living standard of farmers
- provide unemployment in the agricultural sectors
- helps developing infrastructure and also helps to develop the nation.
Trade Promotion and Marketing
- marketing efforts made for increasing the demand for products
- refers to the advancement of trade into a higher level
- well-developed state or trade
- the production of goods and satisfying the consumers groups
trade promotion strategies
- Quality goods and services should produce
- Control the border movements effectively
- Emphasizes the production of traditional handicrafts items
- Goods should beavailed in the international market
- Providing education and training to laborers
- Giving priority to the region wise and commodity wise trade diversification
- Training for laborers and education for everyone should be given
Efforts made by the government of Nepal for the trade promotion and marketing
- The collection of the statistics of Nepal's foreign trade.
- Government has conducted training to laborer producing ready-made clothes
- Government has run training for producing Nepali paper, Lokta, Allo processing
- Publication of Nepal trade statistics
Operation of training programs for the production of Allo and jute
- The operation of training programs for women Dalit, janjati, Adibasi, and unemployment yout to Allo thread production, development, and knitting clothes.