Grade X Unit 7 World War I & II All unit

First World War

Almost all the countries were affected
War between Allied Power and Central Power

Causes of WW I

Groupism

- Atton Van Bismark annexed Alsace and Lorraine, two provinces of France to Germany after a war of 1870-71
- Being afraid of future attack by France, so made treaty with Austria- Hungery and Italy (known as Triple Alliance)

- France treaty with England and Russia (known as Triple Entente)

- Europe was divided into two hostile group

Militarism

- Two groups spent large amount on  militarism force Germany and England increased naval force
- England built double number than Germany

Economic Imperialism

- Europe needed market to sell products and acquire new materials
- Searched new place for market
- England and France colonized many Asian and African countries
- Spain and Portugal colonized South America
- Colonizations created Tension among countrties

Charter of William II
- Grabbed the power of Germany from Bismark
- Arrogant and proud German emperor
Policy "World power or Downfall"
- No compromise in international affairs
England was dominated
- Accepting all the demands of England but not fighting
- Tension between England and Germany
-
Desire of getting Alsace and Lorraine back
- France wanted to get back Alsace and Lorraine captured by Germany in 1871
- Economic motive to take them back
Iron mines in Lorraine

Feeling of Jingoism and Role of News Paper

- Provoking people against countries by Newspaper
- Misrepresenting the situation
- Point of dispute between countries by newspaper

Balkan Crisis

- Balkan war between Ottoman and Austria- Hungary
- Turkey ruled over Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania, Mesodonia
- Balkan League was formed by Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro
Balkan League attacked Turkey and got independent

Bosnia and Herzegovina

- New "Alsace and Lorraine" formed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and given to Austria-Hungary by Congress of Berlin of 1878. It had right to rule not to annex
- It was annexed by Austria Hungary in 1908 which was not liked by Serbia as wanted to unite in Serbia
- Conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in 1909 and led to WW in 1914

Immediate Cause

- Assassination of Austrian heir Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek by Bosnian student Gavrilo Princip during their visit to Bosnian capital Sarazevo
- Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination
- Gavrilo Princip, 19 years old Serb and Yugoslav boy, was a member of the Black Hand which was an underground organization formed by Serbian youth to take revenge with Austria-Hungary for their power over Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Germany made Austria send a message to supress the Black Hand and allow Austria to observe the suppression (reply within 24 hrs)
- On 27th July 1914- agreed the first but neglected the second demand
- Austria-Hungary being angry declare war over Serbia on 28th July 1914, Russia helped Serbia and France; England attacked Germany and Austria

Allied Power

England                 Japan
France                   Greece
Russia                   Romania
Italy                       Portugal
USA

Central Power
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire

Consequences of World War I

- Versailles Treaty: Seed of World War II
signed on 28th June, 1919
- Germany was humiliated
- German lost 13% land & 6 million people

1. Loss of Property and Life
- about worth 337 billion of property lost
many British ships & 200 German submarines destroyed
- more than 16 million soldiers lost their life, equal number of civilian died in war & by epidemic
- more than 21 million people injured

2. Development of Technology
- due to the destruction of old infrastructure, European invented new technologies
- development of poisonous gas and medicines
- modern weapons

3. Establishment of League of Nation
- established on 10th January, 1920
- with 24 founder members to prevent war
to maintain international understanding, peace and order

4. Rise of Dictatorship
- due to political instability, unemployment, economic depression, dictatorship emerged in different countries eg. Hitler in Germany… … … …

5. Blockade of Germany
6. Influenza Epidemic
7. Social Trauma

World War II
- started on 1st September 1939 A.D.
- ended on 12th September 1945 A.D.
- initiated by German (an European country)
- German attacked Poland on 1st September 1939.

* Causes of World War II
1. treaty of Versailles
- done between Germany and allies power.
- Humiliation of German.
- lost of parts of German.
- German soldiers reduced to 1 lakh.
- banned to produced weapons.
- £ 660 million compensation of war to be paid by German.
- Mobilization of foreign soldiers in German.
2. Failure of league of Nation
- league of nation was established to maintain peace and order and control war.
- Japan captured Machuria.
- German increased the number of soldiers against the principle of league of Nation.
- USA left the membership of league of Nation.
3. Rise of Hitler and Militarism.
- leader of National party (Nazi)
- Become dictator after wining the election.
- he occupied Rhineland, Czechoslovak, and attacked Austria.
4. Raise of communism
- Russia became successful communist country.
- It tried to spread communism around the world.
- Japan and German signed a treaty against communism. (Anti-comintern pact 1936 A.D)
- Italy joined it in 1937 A.D
- The Axis was known as Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.
- The Axis continued attaching several states.
5. Worldwide economic crisis.
- the European countries were most affected.
- lost of youth and adults in the World War I.
- Dictators of Germany, Italy and Spain started to motivate people to provide job in weapons industries.
- Japanese Emperor mobilised the greatest power.
6. Spanish Civil war
- took place in 1936 A.D.
- against coalition government of liberals, socialists and communist.
- caused battle between republican and conservation where general France of Spain supressed republican getting support from Italy and Germany.
7. Japanese Imperialism
- Japan was in favour in Triple Extent and occupied some part of china during world war- I
- she increased the territory attacking several states for market.
- Manchuria was annexed in 1931 AD and east china in 1937 AD.
8. Immediate causes of World War II.
- Hitler wanted Polish Corridor and Danzing back Poland which were route to Baltic Sea.
- Proposal rejected by Poland.
- Hitler signed a treaty "Nazi soviet pact" on 24th August 1939 AD with Russia.
- Germany attacked Poland on 1st September 1939 A.D.
- France and Britian attacked Germany.

* Terms and condition of "Nazi Soviet Pact"

- they agreed not to fight for the next 10 years.
- The territories of Poland should be equally divided to their country.

* Major Events of World War II.
1. 17th May 1970 AD.
- Germany got victory over France
- Japan invaded (attacked) French, Indo-china, Dutch east-indies and arriexed them as it was inspired by Germany.
2. 17th Dec 1941 AD
- Japan attacked Perl harbour of the USA.
- USA Stopped to export iron-ore to japan and imposed economic blockade that affected Japanese economic status.
- Japan attacked the USA to take revenge.
3. 4th June 1942 AD.
- The mid-way war took place.
- Japan started to lose the war one after another.
- Japanese soldier did not surrender as they were commanded not to retreat from the battle field.
4. 30th April 1945
- German dictator Adolf Hitler and his beloved Eva. Brown commited suicide.
5. 6th August 1945 A.D.
- all the countries surrendered except Japan.
- The USA dropped an atom bomb called the 'little Boy' on Japan (Hiroshima).
6. 9th August, 1945 AD.
- The USA dropped another bomb called 'fat man' on Japan (Nagasaki).
- Japan surrendered to the Allies power on 12th September 1945 and world war II ended officially.

7. 1936 – German troops invaded Rhineland.
8. 1938 – German attacked upon Austria.
9. 10th March, 1939 – German attacked Czechoslovakia and annexed it to her.
10. 1st September, 1939 –Germany attacked Poland
11. 3rd Sept, 1939 – Britian and France declared war against Germany.
12. 9th April, 1940 – Germany attacked Denmark and Norway.
13. 30th April, 1940 –  Japan joined Axis power
14. 10th May, 1940 – Germany attack Belgium, Netherlands and Lumenbourg.
15. 17th May, 1970 –Germany attack France.
16. 10th June, 1940 –Italy declared war against Britain and France
17. 10th July, 1940 – Britain started taking part in war.
18. 28th October, 1940 – Italy attacked Greece
19. 6th April, 1941 – Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece
20. 21st April, 1941 – Greece surrendered
21. 22nd June, 1941 – Germany attacked Russia
22. 1st September, 1941 – Italy attacked Egypt
23. 7th December, 1941 – Japan attacked America ship with bombs at Pearl Harbour.
24. 8th December, 1941 – America declared war against Axis power.
25. 27th Feb, 1942 – Ocean war at Java.
26. 4th May, 1942 – Coral Ocean War 27. 4th June, 1942 – Battle of Midway
28. 3rd September, 1943 – Italy surrendered
29. 25th August, 1944 – Allies made Paris free.
30. 17th January, 1945 – Russia invade Warsaw.
31. 12th April, 1945 – US President Franklin D. Roosevelt died.
32. 28th April, 1945 – Mussolini murdered
33. 30th April, 1945 – Hitler and his beloved Eva Braun committed suicide.
34. 7th May, 1945 – German finally surrendered to Rheims.
35. 6th August, 1945 – America dropped atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan.
36. 9th August, 1945 – America dropped second atom bomb in Nagasaki, Japan.
37. 12th September, 1945 – Japan surrendered and the Second World War ended.

* Consequences of world war II
1. Heavy loss of life
- death of soldiers and civilians.
- 12 million, soldiers died on battle field.
- 25 million civilians because of hunger, diseases and weapons.
- 24 million people wounded.
- About 160 thousand Japanese lost their lives by the 'little boy' and 'fat man'.
2. Loss of property
- Expenditure of the USA was about $ 550 billion
- destruction of infrastructure like hospital, industries, roads, temples, fingers, planes etc.

*USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (in Russia).
3. Division of  world into two blocks and initiation of cold war.
- Division into communist (Russia ) and capitalist (USA).
- Cold war between capitalist and communist.
- Rapid growth of nuclear energy/power and weapons.
4. Wave of Democratic changes in the work.
- Most of the country got freedom after world war –II, India on 15th August 1947 A.D.
- Pakistan on 14th August, 1947 A.D
- Imperialism and Colonism ended in many countries as they learned to fight against on Democratic system.
5. End of Colonism
- Imperialist countries very weak of the world war-II
- Asia and African countries initiated anti colonism movement.
- British emperialist on India, Pakistan, Malaya, Egypt became independent.
- French imperialist on Vietnam, combodia and laosended.
6. The Marshall plan.
- After the economic support of Harry Truman for European democratic countries.
- The USA spend about 12.5 billion dollar for the reconstruction of European countries.
- The name of plan was European Economic Community (EEC) that reconstructed more than 17 European countries.
- Priority was given to food, fertilizer and industrial tools.
7. The Molotov Plan (COMECON)
- The VSSR established "mutual economic (MER)" to provide economic support to the European countries in 1949 A.D.
- The foreign minister of USSR Molotov initiated proposed so it is known as Molotov plan.
- The main objective was to develop trade and commerce in European countries.
8. Establishment of UNO
- The most important consequences of World War-II
- Established on 24th October, 1945 A.D
- Established by the world leaders.
- Objective was to maintain peace and security in the world, friendship relation, solved world problems and promotes human right.

* The positive effects of World War-II on Nepal
- Brave Nepali soldiers supported. British Army and got 'Victoria cross' and military cross.
- became worldwide famous for bravery and loyality.
- Nepalese people were encouraged to fight against Rana rule.
- British Government provided Rs 33.3 million to Nepal government and promised to give Rs 1 million every year.
- Nepalese soldiers to get chance to learned international worship.

* Negative impact of World War-II on Nepal
- 7, 544 Nepalese soldiers lost their life. 23,655 Nepalese soldiers wounded and some of them were fully handicapped. [Total participated = 250 thousand]
- Economic relation with European countries was distributed.
- European countries stopped importing Nepalese copper and copper ware.

* Some other events of Second World War related to Nepal
- Deep Prasad pun got conspicuous Gallantry Cross (CGC).
- He also got Victoria Cross.
- Juddha Shumsher was prime-minister of Nepal.
- He promised to provide 1 thousand soldiers in each British regiment.