Unit - 7 OUR PAST (All lessons) Grade X

Delhi Agreement and of revolution of 2007 BS

* Beginning of Rana rule

- Junga Bahadur Rana became the Prime minister of Nepal in 1903 BS after the kot massacre (kot parva)
- After month of disputes in the country coalition ministry was formed in Sep 1845 AD in the leading of Fateh Junga Chautarlya
- Real power was in the hand of Gagan Singh favourite of Queen Laxmi Devi
- Junga bahadur controls 1 regiment Abhiman singh controls 1 regiment but Gagan Singh controls 7 regiments
- Gagan singh was murdered mysteriously on 14th Sep 1846
- Queen assembled entire military and administrative in Kathmandu court and a place kot to find out the murderer of Gagan singh
- Queen became sentiments -> people blamed Pandes -> Queen ordered Abhiman singh to execute Pandes but he hesitated
- Huge fight broke out among the military and administrative
- After killing all the opponents Junga Bahadur became the P.M and exiled around 6000 people to India

* Revolution 2007

- Armed revolution by Nepali people under Nepali congress to and the 104 years long crude and tyrannical Rana rule

* Cause of Revolution 2007 B.S

1. Economic Factor
- Poor, conservative and uneducated Laborious Nepal were exploitable by Jimmawal, mukhiya, Talukdar, oware, Rejauta
- Levying tax and seizing harvesting
2. Social Factor
- Divide and rule policy of east India Company
- Nepalese society divided in to caste and creed
- Ranas were divided in to A, B and C class
- Child marriage, polygamy, unequal marriage
3 Political Factor
- Rana had sole power and kings were only nominal – (kings were against Rana)
- Prime minister made laws implemented them and amended the law
- Handle diplomatic relation
- Nepalese people wanted to get political right
4. International Factor
- Rana were supported by cast India Company but they did not get support when India became independence
- Independent India supported Nepali people for democracy
- Nepalese became aware after Second World War as many colonized country became independent

* Delhi agreement

- A tripartite agreement made by King, Ranas and Nepali congress in Delhi in 2007 BS to end the revolution 2007
- Dr K.I singh (Kunwar Indrajit Singh ) commander of people’s liberation army opposed it because many people had sacrificed their life to end the Rana in the government

* People’s liberation Army

- A political party formed by Nepalese youth in India to fight against Rana rule
- Youth of people’s liberation Army were trained by ex-Nepalese soldiers of 2nd world war

* Provision made by Delhi agreement

- All the political prisons should be set free
- Tribhuvan will remain the legitimate king
- Formation of Interim cabinet including five members from Nepali congress Mohan Shumser to be P.M
- Revolutionaries have to hand over the weapons to the government
- Election to be held to form a new constitution

* Results (consequences) of the Revolution

- End of Rana rule and establishment of democracy
- People got Rights and freedom
- King restored in royal power
- Interim government and Interim constitution formed
- Development took place

* Economic achievements between 2007 and 2017 BS

- 5 years plan for development (2013 BS)
- System of annual budget introduced for the first time (2008 BS)
- Establishment of Nepal Rasta Bank (2013BS) and Agricultural Development Bank
- Construction of Tribhuvan Highway
- Telephone service stared
- Diversification of tam was introduced
- Elimination of Birta system
- Establishment of RNAC now NAC

* Social Development (Achievement)

-Establishment of radio Nepal- 2008
- First women’s college at Dillibazar
- Establishment of paropakar Anathalay by Dayabir Singh Kanskar
- English education for common people
- Establishment of Supreme Court
- Establishment of Tribhuvan University (2016)
- Establishment of law collage

* Administrative and political achievement (development)

- Multiparty democratic system started
- Nepal became the member of UNO and Universal postal Union
- First democratic constitution in 2015 BS
- Formation of Election commission and first general election held in 2015 B.S
- First people’s elected government under the prime minister of B.P Koirala
- Nepal’s diplomatic relations with world

* Cause of political instability act 2007 and 2017

- People are unaware about the true meaning of democracy
- Immature political party and Ranas activities in regain the power
- Non- Cooperation of opposition in parliament
- King Mahendra not in favour of democratic system

* The first Democratic constitution of Nepal

- Passed on 17th Chaitra 2007 BS
- Formed by coalition government of Nepali congress of Rana
- With 7 part 73 articles and 3 indene’s

* Features of Interim constitution 2007 BS

- Had directive principle of state
- Provision of council of minister
- Economic and financial procedures
- Provision of Supreme Court, public service commission, Advisory council

* Why the first democratic coalition government dissolved

- Conflict between Ranas and congress
- Mohan Shumsher not accepted as prime minister by Nepal congress
- Member of Nepal congress resigned on 25th kartik 2008 and forced Ranas to resign

* Responsibilities of 14 member’s government under Matrika prashad Koirala by Tribhuvan

- To establish independent judicial department
- To implement the provision of PSC (public service commission)
- To held the constituent Assembly election within 2009 BS
- To determine the civil right of people

* Cause of Failures of the cabinet of M.P Koirala (Government of Nepali congress)

- Demand of all parties’ government by Nepal Praja Parishad, Nepal communist party etc.
- Revolution of K.I Singh against the government
- Revolution of Bhim Dutta Panta demanding land ownership, welfare and security of people
- Conflict in the Nepali congress party regarding power

* Socio-Economic Achievement from 2007 to 2017 B.S.

- The constitutional rule with multiparty democratic system began after the revolution of 2007 B.S.
- Diplomatic relations were established with many countries of the world.
- Five year plans were started and implemented.
- Municipal election of Kathmandu Municipality took place for the first time.
- land reform programme and Birta Abolitism Act were implemented.
- great changes took place in the field of education, common people also got opportunity to go to schools and colleges. English medium schools were opened throughout the country.
- Airways service began and internal as well as international flight started
- Civil services Act 2013 was implemented and Rastra Bank was established.
- All forests of Nepal were nationalised
- telephone and telegram services started.
* Cause of downfall of Panchayat System [Autocratic partyless government system]

- Unity between Nepali congress and united leftist front.
- Continuous protest.
- wave of democracy
- Undemocratic practice of partyless government.
- Trade blockade.
* The achievement of Nepal 2017/2036 to 2046 [consequence result]

- Muluki Ain was implemented in 2020.
- East-west highway, Araniko highways, were constructed.
- Patan Industrial estate was established
- new education system plan – 2058 for the promotion of vocational education introduced.
- land reform Act 2021 B.S. was implemented
- several laws were made to elimate social evil.

* Causes of the mass movement –I (2046)

- panchayat system was not liked by Nepali people.
- high political suppression by panchayat government.
- people were deprived from fundamental right.
- increase in social evils like corruption, smuggling, etc.
- end of panchayat system and restoration of democracy.
- formation of interim government by the leaders of political parties.
- Promulgation of constitution of kingdom of Nepal 2041.
- Provision of fundamental right to Nepalese people.
- election of parliament was held to form government by Nepalese people.

* Causes of Mass movement – II (2062/63)

- Undemocratic steps of king gyanendra dissolving the elected council of minister under Sher Bahadur Deuba (on 18th Asoj 2059).
- The Royal take over by king gyanendra dissolving the council of minister under Sher Bahadur Deuba for the 2nd time (on 19th Magh 2061)
- Royal massacre on 19th Jestha 2058, Friday.
- The armed revolutionary movement started by Maoist on 1st Falgun 2052.
- the cold relationship among political parties and king.
- Suspension of democratic parts, articles of constitution by king.
- The politically aware citizens, civil societies, professionals who is favour of democracy.

* Important Achievement of mass movement II made on 4th Jestha 2063 B.S.

- all the power of the king were suspended.
- Royal Nepal army was named as "Nepal Army".
- Cabinet is responsible to mobilize army.
- Placing tax on Royal family/property.
- His majesty's government was replaced by Nepal government.
- Nepal declared as Secular country.

* Election of Constitutional Assembly

- held on 28th Chaitra 2064.
- to draft new fully democratic constitution of Nepal.
- constitution assembly of 601 member:
i) 240 members were elected from direct election.
ii) 335 members were selected from proportional bans.
iii) 26 members nominated by council of ministers from Dalit, Janajati etc.

* Declaration of Republic

- Nepal was declared republic country on 15th jestha 2063.

* The first elected government of Nepal
- Puspa Kamal Dahal (Parchanda) was the first elected prime minister of republic Nepal.
- Coalition government of Maoist and Madhesi people's right forum.

* The main demands of mass movement II
- reinstatement of dissolved parliament
- to return the sovereign and state power to the people.

* UNMIN ( United Nation's Mission in Nepal

- effective from 9th Magh 2063.
- duration of 12 month to restore peace and order in Nepal.
- 1st representative: Jan Martin
- 2nd representative: Karen Landgren

* Cause of armed revolution in Nepal

- political instability
- political parties were unable to fulfil the needs of Nepali people.
- because of power game
- political parties worked for personal benefits.

* Constitutional assembly end on 14th Jestha 2069 without drafting new constitution by then Prime Minister Dr. Baburam Bhattarai.

* election of constitutional assembly held on 4th Mangsir 2070 again